What process involves manipulating a plant’s genes to achieve desired traits?

The process that involves manipulating a plant's genes to achieve desired traits is genetic engineering. This technique allows scientists to directly alter the genetic material of a plant by inserting, deleting, or modifying specific genes. Through genetic engineering, traits such as pest resistance, drought tolerance, and improved nutritional content can be introduced, enabling the development of plants that better meet agricultural needs and withstand environmental challenges.

Selective breeding, while related to improving plant traits, relies on the natural variation within a species and the selection of parent plants with desirable characteristics over many generations, rather than direct manipulation of the plant’s genetic code. Hybridization involves crossing different varieties to create a new one with combined traits but does not entail direct intervention at the genetic level. Natural selection is a gradual process occurring in nature where organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce, not a method of human intervention to specifically redesign traits. Therefore, genetic engineering is distinct in its approach and effectiveness in achieving specific genetic outcomes efficiently.